Galaxies are studied using a variety of observational techniques across the electromagnetic spectrum. Optical telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, capture visible light, revealing detailed images of galaxy structure. Radio telescopes detect emissions from interstellar gas and molecules, while X-ray and gamma-ray observatories study high-energy processes like supernovae and black hole activity. Spectroscopy is a crucial tool that provides information about the composition, velocity, and distance of galaxies.
