What Challenges Do Astrophysicists Face in Using the Electromagnetic Spectrum?

A major challenge is the Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs many types of electromagnetic radiation, making it difficult to observe them from the ground. This necessitates the use of space-based telescopes. Another challenge is the vast amount of data generated, requiring sophisticated data analysis techniques. Additionally, interference from human-made sources can contaminate observations, particularly in the radio and microwave bands.