Solar luminosity can be measured using various methods:
Radiometry: Instruments like the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) onboard satellites measure the solar irradiance and help calculate the Sun's total energy output. Helioseismology: The study of seismic waves on the Sun's surface can provide indirect measurements of the Sun's internal properties, which affect its luminosity. Modeling: Astrophysical models that simulate the Sun's structure and energy production processes can estimate its luminosity.
